Hundreds of schools are shut and home care services are affected in Glasgow as council workers stage one of the UK’s biggest strikes over equal pay.
Primary schools and nurseries are closed and other services could be hit because of the 48-hour action.
About 8,000 workers are striking amid a “lack of progress” on equal pay claims from thousands of female workers, the GMB and Unison said.
Glasgow City Council said the walkout was unnecessary.
It added that it hoped to reach an agreement on the long-running issue in the coming months.
The local authority announced in January that it planned to reach a negotiated settlement to thousands of equal pay claims arising from a pay and conditions scheme introduced more than a decade ago.
Campaigners say the scheme led to workers in female-dominated roles such as catering or cleaning receiving up to £3 an hour less than those in male-dominated areas such as refuse collection.
Following two judgements against the council in the Court of Session, the SNP-led administration said it had “grasped the nettle” and planned to settle about 12,000 claims.
Unions, however, say the talks – which would pave the way for payouts – have made no progress despite 21 meetings being held in the past 10 months.
Many strikers joined picket lines outside council buildings as the strike got under way on Tuesday morning.
Hundreds later gathered at Glasgow Green and set off on a march to City Chambers in George Square.
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GMB Scotland organiser Rhea Wolfson said: “The voice of Glasgow’s working women will be heard around the world. After decades of rampant sex discrimination they will tell their employer, ‘Stop the delays. We want justice.'”
Unison Glasgow chairwoman Mary Dawson added: “We have given the council 10 months to make progress on addressing the historical discrimination suffered by these workers.
“However, the council has agreed nothing, offered nothing and all we have had are meetings about meetings and talks about talks. It’s time for some action.”
The SNP took control of the council in May last year after decades of Labour control with a promise to resolve the issue of equal pay.
In January the council said it would reach a negotiated settlement, and has a 30-strong team working on the details.
It insists progress has been made, and it had hoped to agree a settlement figure in December, although this could be delayed because of the industrial action.
Council leader Susan Aitken said: “I’m not entirely sure why this strike is taking place.
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“Negotiations have been continuing. We’ve made considerable progress in a number of areas.”
She highlighted a decision to bring women who worked for arms length body Cordia back into direct council employment and the harmonisation of their terms and conditions.
She added: “There’s going to be enormous disruption caused in Glasgow – and to some of the most vulnerable people in the city. Some people who are at end of life, receiving end of life care.”
Campaign group Action 4 Equality has estimated that backdated claims and pay increases could eventually cost the council between £500m and £1bn.
Ms Aitken has disputed that figure, but acknowledged the council faces financial challenges.
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STUC
Some have speculated the authority may be forced to sell off assets such as the Scottish Event Campus (SEC) or the Salvador Dali masterpiece Christ of St John of the Cross, normally displayed at the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum.
Earlier this year, Ms Aitken insisted officials were not discussing “flogging off the Dali” but were drawing up proposals that would minimise the impact on jobs and services.
The strike began at 07:00 on Tuesday. Strikers plan to gather at Glasgow Green from 11:30 and march to City Chambers in George Square.
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